Dosage form :- A pure form of drug is rarely prescribe by medicinal practitioner. Pure form of drug is convert into a dosage form by adding with some non drug compound called excipients. The design of dosage form provide fixed amount of active drug to form most efficacious and convenient.
The human have sense of taste, sound, sight, touch and smell. Main motive of dosage form are to diminish the actual taste of pure drug. Most of the pure drugs are irritant to oral consumption.
Drugs are already exist in the vegetation which is beneficial for disease condition. Human being primarily use non-developed drug which is present in nature like barks, roots, leaves of the tree. After some time powdered and extracted drugs are use with water. The science for discover drug called as pharmacy.
Now a day, pure form of drugs are available in number of dosage forms formulation such as solid, semisolid, liquid and gaseous. The science and art of pharmacy is continuously try to provide best suitable form of drug to human disease.
Medicinal science continuously improve dosage form acceptability, bioavailability, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, stability, dissolution, chemical nature, onset of action, duration of action and chemical nature.
The dosage forms of the drugs are broadly classified under the basis of their physical nature.
Drug :- A substance (other than food) is use to prevent, treat or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition.
Classification of dosage form :-
Classification of dosage form for external and internal use preparation.
Solid Dosage Form :-
- Implants.
- Capsule.
- Granules.
- Cachets.
- Dusting powder.
- Snuffs.
- Dentifrices.
- Lozenges.
- Powder.
- Tablet.
- Pill.
Semi Solid Dosage Form :-
- Pessaries.
- Nasal bogies.
- Ointments.
- Pastes.
- Poultices.
- Suppositories.
- Gellies.
- Plaster.
- Ear cones.
- Creams.
Liquid Dosage Form :-
- Mixture.
- Lotion.
- Linctuses.
- Suspension.
- Parenteral.
- Nasal drop.
- Mouth washes.
- Gargles.
- Elixers.
- Liniments.
- Emulsions.
- Solution.
- Eye drop.
- Gels.
- Syrups.
- Glycerines.
- Spirits.
- Enemas.
- Ear drop.
Gaseous Dosage Form :-
- Aerosols.
- Inhalants.
1. Solid Dosage Form :-
1.1 Implants :-
Implants are small tables and it is available in sterile form. It is use by insertion under the skin by giving small act into the skin which stiches afterward. Drug release under the skin and exert action.
1.2 Capsules :-
Capsule is a solid dosage form, the empty gelatin contain with solid, liquid or semis preparation. Hard and soft gelatin are use for capsule formation.
Empty gelatin may be use to mask the unpleasant tastes or appearance of a drug.
1.3 Granules :-
Granules are made up of active drug and excipients . The small irregular particles, ranging from 2 to 4 mm in diameter are often supplied in single dose lightweight sachets. The small granules are stir in water before taking.
1.4 Cachets :-
Disagreeable powder are enclosed in tasteless sheet which is made by pouring a mixture of rice floor in between two hot, polish and revolving cylinders. It is use to swallowed large dose of drug.
1.5 Dusting powders :-
Dusting powder is use for external application to skin. It is use as an antiseptic, absorbent, protective, lubricant and astringent purpose. It protect skin from friction and irritation.
1.6 Snuffs :-
Snuffs are finely divided solid dosage form of medicament. Snuffs is inhaled into nostril, specially for their antiseptic and bronchodilator action.
1.7 Dentifrices :-
It is use for teeth cleaning and available in powder, paste or other material. Specially, tooth powders are applied to the teeth for remove food substances, foreign particles and clean teeth. It help to remove dental plaque.
1.8 Lozenges :-
Lozenges may contain a demulcent or an antiseptic. Lozenges are intended for dissolve slowly and release active drug in the mouth. It is use for patients who are unable to swallow other solid dosage forms.
1.9 Powder :-
Powder are available in various size and intended for internal or external use. Powder size is depending upon its use.
1.10 Tablets :–
Tablets are available in various size and shape. It is prepare by compression of granules or powder blends by moulding. Mostly tablets are use for oral administration.
1.11 Pills :-
Pills are highly use for to replace tablets and capsules. Pills are spherical or less often, ovoid and usually sugar coated. Mostly, it use to reduce the risk of ectopic pregnancy.
2. Semi Solid Dosage Form :-
2.1 Pessaries :-
Pessaries are use to treat vagina. It is melt or dissolve in vagina and exert a local action.
2.2 Nasal bougies :–
Nasal bougies is also known as nasal suppositories. It is use to treat nasal cavity.
2.3 Ointments :-
Ointment is a oil based semi solid preparation. It is use to treat skin and nasal mucosa. The base is usually anhydrous and contain medicaments in solution or suspension form.
2.4 Pastes :-
Pastes are semisolid preparation and it is use for external application. It contain large amount of powder which is porous in nature. It is less greasy and more absorptive.
2.5 Poultices :-
Poultices are use to reduce body pain and swelling. It is a piece of cloth with active medicament. It apply directly on affected area which is useful for wound healing and burns.
2.6 Suppositories :-
Suppositories base is made up from substances like gelatin or cocoa butter. It is conical or ovoid in shape. Suppositories are insertion into rectum, it melt or dissolve and exert systemic effect.
2.7 Jellies :-
Jellies are transparent, non-greasy semi solid preparation which is mainly use for externally. The most popular jelling are cellulose, gelatin and starch.
2.8 Plasters :-
Plasters are self adhesive substances, applied to the skin for protection. It is use to provide mechanical support. Plasters enhance contact between drug and skin.
2.9 Ear Cones :-
Ear cones release medicine in ear cavity. It is use to remove earwax and improve hearing.
2.10 Creams :-
Cream is a semi-solid preparation contain mixtures of oil and water for external use. It is use in the treatment of skin rashes, fungal infection and skin irritation. Two types of cream are oil in water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) respectively.
3. Liquid Dosage Form :-
3.1 Mixtures :-
Mixtures are commonly use for oral preparation. Aqueous vehicle is usually use in mixture. Add solute in particular solvent to make solution.
3.2 Lotions :-
Lotions are aqueous or alcoholic preparation for external application without friction. It is use for various skin problems such as itching, infection, allergy and pain.
3.3 Linctuses :-
It is use to relieve cough and throat infection. Linctuses containing large amounts of sucrose and other sweetening agent like glycerin.
3.4 Suspensions :-
Suspensions are biphasic liquid dosage form. It is made by dispersion of insoluble solid particles in a liquid medium. Solid particles ranging from 0.5 to 5 micron are dispersed in a liquid. Suspension can improve chemical stability and bioavailability of drug.
3.5 Parentals :-
Parental preparations also known as injectables. It is sterile solution or suspensions of drugs in aqueous or oily vehicles. The parenteral preparations are intended to be administrated through the human or animal body. Parental are available in intravenous parental (IV) , intramuscular parental (IM) and subcutaneous parental (SC).
3.6 Nasal drops :-
Nasal drops are usually aqueous solution. It is use for temporary relief of congestion in the nose cause by condition like allergies, cold and sinusitis.
3.7 Mouth Washes :-
Mouth washes are usually aqueous solution. Medicated mouth wash may contain astringent, antibacterial agent, protein precipitant or other agent.
3.8 Gargles :-
Gargles are aqueous solution and it is used to prevent or treat throat infections.
3.9 Elixirs :-
Elixirs are clear aromatic solution of alcohol and water with potent drugs for oral use. Alcohol in elixirs helps to preserve the medication.
3.10 Liniments :-
Liniments are fluid, semi-solid preparation which may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions intended for topical application to skin by massage. It is used to treat aches, dry skin, pains of joints and muscles.
3.11 Emulsions :-
An emulsion is a biphasic liquid dosage form. It is mixture of two or more liquids which is miscible to each other with the help of emulsifying agent.
3.12 Solution :-
One or more chemical substance called solute is dissolve in a suitable solvent. It can be administered by oral, vaginal, ophthalmic, parenteral and rectal.
3.13 Eye Drop :-
It is solutions that are instilled into the eye with the help of dropper. It is use to relieve irritation, dryness and promote eye comfort.
3.14 Gel :-
Gels refer to thick liquid. It is more stable than creams and ointments.
3.15 Syrup :-
Syrup is a thick liquid containing a sugar solution with drug. It is use as a flavored vehicle for drugs which is easy to consume.
3.16 Glycerines :-
Glycerin is most commonly used products, whose principal component is glycerol. It is used as a sweetener agent in syrups and lozenges.
3.17 Spirit :-
Spirits are alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solution. It is volatile in nature. The alcohol concentration of spirits is usually over 60%.
3.18 Enemas :-
Enemas are use to treat constipation and similar issues. It use to emptying your bowel.
3.19 Ear Drop :-
Ear drop are use to treat ear problems.
4. Gaseous Dosage Form :-
4.1 Aerosols :-
Aerosols are pressurized dosage form containing one or more medicament inside the container. It continuously release its medicament while open container valve.
Aerosols are used to administer drugs for the lungs, specially to treat respiratory conditions. It can also used for topical application.
4.2 Inhalants :-
Inhalants are chemical vapors use for breathing in the purpose to get direct action. People use inhalants breathe through their nose or mouth, usually by sniffing and snorting.
Balance Diet Include :- Carbohydrate, Proteins, Nitrogenous Food, Fats, Vitamins, Mineral Salt and Water.